This book is intended to be read by physicists and students of physics. It delves into the
physics pertaining to the creation of the universe, by which I mean the fundamental particles
which collectively constitute the material world we see around us here on Earth and also the
substance we see in outer space, whether as planets, stars or the galaxies which they form.
The reader will see that it is possible to explain how electrons and protons are created and
how gravity plays its role in forming astronomical bodies. The reader will be shown how to
calculate the value of the proton/electron mass ratio, a quantity which laboratory measurement
has determined to part in ten million precision, the result being in full accord with the
measured value.

All this, however, depends upon first building an insight into the energy source from which our
universe was created and upon solving that great mystery, the unification of the physics of the gravitational field and the physics of the electromagnetic field. As will be seen the solution
allows us to derive the value of G, the constant of gravitation, in terms of three fundamental
parameters, namely e, c and M, these being the charge of the proton e, the speed c at which
electromagnetic disturbances propagate as waves in the vacuum and a mass M of a graviton
which we can derive separately in terms of the mass of the proton.

As to the source of that energy one must first be introduced to a topic that usually eludes
mention in the teaching curriculum of modern physics, one which stems from the work of
someone born in the 19^th century, whose surname I offer here as a kind of puzzle to test your
knowledge of physics, should you be an expert in that field. It is an eight-letter surname of the
form E__ns___ . Although the work of this theoretician concerns fundamental physics as
applied to space, reference to it is more likely to be found in the index of a textbook concerned
with mathematics as applied to electric field phenomena.

The physics of the medium which pervades space holds the secrets of that energy source from
which the universe was created. It is a medium which, upon cooling by shedding energy
deployed in matter creation, developed a state of order from a state of chaos and, by analogy
with what we see as a ferromagnetic substance cools through its Curie temperature, that state
of order brings about the phenomenon of gravitation just as that substance acquires a state of
ferromagnetism below that critical temperature.

So who is that theoretician who probed the space medium in search for evidence of that
‘ordered’ state? Well, I will tell you presently. Whoever could succeed in deciphering the
structured form of that medium from the physical data available, was destined to solve the
mystery that blocked access to Unified Field Theory. Einstein failed in that quest, and even
though his name fits the puzzle just presented, I was not referring to Albert Einstein.

Now, in case you are wondering whether you are about to be indoctrinated in science history
by reference to a sterile maze of mathematical philosophy, let me bring you up-to-date by
informing you about an amazing phenomenon just reported in Japan. It appears that Mother
Nature has decided to tantalize us by posing a new mystery concerning energy inflow from the
hidden space medium. I am writing these words on August 15 2001 and, although this book
will not be completed for quite some time, I intend to put these words of Introduction on my
internet web site www.aspden.org as soon as I have completed this text.

As a subscriber to New Energy News I duly read, on page 5 of the August 2001 issue, the item
by Bernd Nurnberger of Yokohama, Japan who drew attention to a report in a Japanese
newspaper Asahi Shimbun dated 28 July 2001, which had the title: WARM AND
ELEVATED VORTEX IN THE PACIFIC NEAR JAPAN. It read:

During the past 7 months, scientists have been observing a 400 km diameter
vortex in the Pacific where water is 2-3 degrees warmer and the surface is 18
cm higher than normal. The vortex rotates clockwise at 1.8 km/h, moves West
and has approached 100 km South of Okinawa, causing high tide 23 cm above
normal. The vortex moved 150 km. Scientists have no explanation as to the
cause of this phenomenon.

According to the map inserted in the printed news page, the bubble has been
tracked since January 3. It moved Northwest and on April 13 changed course
to the West.

Now, of course, it needs little imagination to appreciate that here is some very unusual
evidence pointing to an enormous influx of heat energy. Water expands if heated over a range
above 4^o C and so an enormous slow whirling whirlpool in the sea where ambient temperature
is well above this critical value will, of necessity, be elevated above normal owing to that
expansion if its temperature is also above normal. That heat energy must have a source, but
that newspaper account says that ‘scientists have no explanation for the phenomenon’.

Well, in the pages which follow, you will see that an explanation is readily available if only one
is willing to read what is of record in this author’s writings concerning that theoretician
‘E__ns___’.

The subject is what the author has termed ‘vacuum spin’, but one needs first to establish that
the vacuum has structure before one can meaningfully refer to it having a state of spin. Yes,
the vacuum has structure, much as in a ferromagnetic substance there is a crystal structure
defined by its cubic array of atoms and it has a magnetic domain structure on a much larger
scale. Thus when a spherical expanse of vacuum or a vortex of that medium is set in a state of
spin its components defining that structure are subjected to restraints by the action of the
corresponding components of the enveloping vacuum. This restraint arises from electrostatic
interaction forces that operate between those component charges to keep the quantum jitter
motion of the vacuum medium in a state of synchronism with that enveloping vacuum
regardless of its general rotation within that enveloping vacuum. The result is a radial electric
displacement set up about the axis of spin. Conversely the setting up of such a radial electric
displacement will produce aether rotation (that ‘vacuum spin’).

This means that energy supplied to create that state of electric displacement is augmented by
an equal amount of kinetic energy flowing in from the enveloping vacuum field so that, when
that electric displacement is reduced, there is a surplus of energy that is left to generate heat.
The energy inflow is a one-way process. Bearing in mind that sea water is electrically
conductive owing to its salt content, a whirlpool in sea water will, by a discovery made long
ago by Michael Faraday, induce an electric field radial from the axis of spin of the whirlpool
owing to electrical induction by its rotation in the Earth’s magnetic field.

The physics involved is quite fascinating and, indeed, since the phenomenon can be formulated
in terms of known physical quantities, we can check that the theory can account for that ocean
heating reported in that Japanese newspaper report. This analysis is presented in what will be
Appendix I of this book on ‘The Physics of Creation’ and that Appendix is published along
with this Introduction. It relies on a theoretical constant that can only be derived at the
fundamental level from a full account of the structure of the vacuum medium, as shown in the
onward chapters of Part II of this book. These are yet to be written, and so, in the meantime,
the reader will find that Appendix I quotes the value of that constant by reference to the
author’s earlier published work. However, that value can be derived independently from a
theoretical analysis of the physics of the creation of the Sun and its planets as based on
astronomical data, together with confirmatory corresponding analysis of the Earth-Moon
system.

The message to keep in mind here is that this new discovery of an anomalous energy source
which can generate heat on a vast scale confirms that there is scope for extracting energy from
the vacuum medium and gives us a direction in which to progress in our laboratory efforts to
gain access to that energy resource as our hydrocarbon energy reserves dwindle away. The
physics involved must therefore be taken seriously, which is why we need to delve a little into
history and learn about the theoretical efforts of ‘E__ns___’.

Inasmuch as I do want to hold the reader’s attention I believe it is important not to stray too
far off the track of mainstream physics in these early pages and, to this end, I will introduce
‘E__ns__’ by reference to something published in the American Journal of Physics, a major
scientific periodical for those who teach physics in schools and universities.

I refer to an item ‘EARNSHAW’S THEOREM’ to be found at pages 199-200 of volume 55
of that periodical as published in March 1987. Yes, ‘Earnshaw’ is that mystery surname and it
is I who had occasion to write the published item just mentioned. I present its full text below:

EARNSHAW’S THEOREM

It was fascinating to see the interest aroused in “Thomson’s Problem” by A. A. Berezin [1]. I refer to the letter by N. Ashby and W.E. Brittin [2] in which they solicit ideas on the theme of
stationary point charge configurations.

About 20 years ago I tried to publish a paper on particle structure in terms of stable interaction
of charge constituents. It was rejected because Earnshaw’s theorem said that no system of
discrete electric charge could be held in stable equilibrium under the influence of their electric
action alone. When I searched the literature for Earnshaw’s theorem I found a textbook
reference by Jeans [3] but also an article entitled “Who was Earnshaw?” in the Americam
Journal of Physics [4]. Its author W. T. Scott referred to it in a later book [5] and appears to
have put his finger on the one point on which the theorem fails. He wrote:

“In a region of continuous charge distribution, a maximum or minimum could
exist, but a continuous distribution is an idealization. We have to consider each
electron or proton as an isolated charge, so that pure electrostatic equilibrium
is impossible.”

The Reverend Samuel Earnshaw (1805-1888) had shown in 1839 at Cambridge in England
that the aether could not constitute electric charges retained in relatively stable configuration,
if the forces acting between them obeyed the conventional force law. More than a century
later, Scott reminded us that, if electric charge permeates a uniform continuum of background
charge, then an electrically structured aether was not precluded on Earnshaw’s theorem. It is
only precluded because that would mean that the aether would have to be an “idealization”,
something which I, at least, would see as a point in its favour.

One can only speculate as to why Thomson had a problem. Thomson must have known
about the Earnshaw theorem. However, be that as it may, readers of the American Journal
of Physics interested in Berezin’s analysis are wasting their time unless they are prepared to
believe that the vacuum does have an underlying charge continuum. This, in turn, means that
its overall electric neutrality demands the presence of charges which could form into quasi-stable structures. This subject has been mentioned in a recent issue of Nature [6] because
analysis of such structure could well explain the way in which the dimensionless fine-structure
constant is physically determined.

H. Aspden,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Southampton,
Southampton SO9 5NH, England.

References

[1] A. A. Berezin, Am. J. Phys., 53, 1037 (1985).
[2] N. Ashby and W. F. Brittin, Am. J. Phys., 54, 776 (1986).
[3] Sir James Jeans, The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism (Cambridge U.
P., Cambridge, 1925), 5th. Ed., p. 168.
[4] W. T. Scott, Am. J. Phys., 27, 418 (1959).
[5] W. T. Scott, The Physics of Electricity and Magnetism (Wiley, New York, 1966), p. 43.
[6] H. Aspden, Nature, 319, 8 (1986).

I think it also appropriate to quote the text of Reference [6] just mentioned. It was an item of
Correspondence published in Nature, v. 319, 2nd January 1986 at p. 8 and had the same title:

EARNSHAW’S THEOREM

This theorem is not often mentioned in scientific journals. It denies the possibility that an
electric charge can be held stable solely under the electrostatic influence of other electric
charge. It was used in a recent letter [Nature, 317, 208; 1985] to refute a case put earlier by
Berezin [Nature, 315, 104; 1985]. It is as well to keep in mind that the Reverend Samuel
Earnshaw developed his theorem with an eye to the constitution of the aether as a medium
comprising a structured system of electric charges, separated by what, presumably, would be
regarded as a truly void state of the vacuum.

The theorem fails if the charges permeate a charge plenum or continuum having a charge
density, because displacement can then be subject to a linear restoring force rate, owing to
interaction with this continuum.

We have now come to accept that the vacuum medium does have some rather special
characteristics and a possible structure, so it is not unlikely that it comprises electric charges
permeating a charge plenum, notwithstanding the Earnshaw theorem. If this is the case, then
the theorem cannot even be applied without some reservation when considering the mutual
stability of charge in matter. The support for the structured vacuum is enhanced by the
theoretical derivation of the fine-structure constant in terms of the geometrical features of an
electrical charge system neutralized by a charge continuum. A value of the fine-structure
constant in matching accord with its measurement at the level of one part in ten million has
recently been reported from such analysis [Phys. Lett., 110A, 113; 1985].

That latter reference to Physics Letters was to a paper of which I was the author and, in this
book, you will be shown how to calculate the value of that fine-structure constant, a quantity
known to physicists by the formulation 2πe²/hc.

The reader will now understand that this book will present an account of the physics
governing the creation of the universe by exploring the mysterious aether that dominated the
beliefs of physicists prior to the 20^th century, but by following a path of exploration that had
eluded detection by 19^th century explorers. We will address the physics of quantum theory
from its very foundations as seated in the jitter motion that gave basis for Heisenberg’s
Principle of Uncertainty. The key we shall turn in the lock that hides the secret of the forces
of creation is that flaw in Earnshaw’s Theorem, namely the need to recognize that the aether
has a charge continuum as a background in which there is a structured array of aether charges
in a state of mutual equilibrium but subjected to a common universal jitter motion.

The journey ahead is long and systematic as we map the aether territory, stage by stage, and
pause periodically to show how the aether intrudes into our real world, as by determining the
physical constants we measure, be it Planck’s constant h as derived via that fine-structure
constant just mentioned, the constant of gravity G, the proton-electron mass ratio, the
anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, the mean lifetime of the mu-meson, even the
Hubble constant, and so on.

I can but hope that the reader will find all this of interest, though I must assume that the
reader has a fair knowledge of basic physics and is willing to adapt to my use of units of
measurement which are tending to become somewhat historic. I find it easier to formulate the
physics of the aether using units which were contemporary with the 19^th century belief that the
aether does exist in reality. Given that the aether is the foundation for all physics, its basic
units of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability are, according to my early schooling,
both themselves unity. I shall therefore in this book use the classical c.g.s. system of
electromagnetic and electrostatic units.

Though I do understand, from a professional electrical engineer’s viewpoint, that the use of
4π can be a nuisance best avoided by adopting a more practical system of units, I confess
some bewilderment at the adoption of such units by the physicist who, one the one hand,
denies the existence of a real aether and, on the other hand, declares that in its non-existent
state it has a permittivity expressed by the symbols λ/μ_oc² and a magnetic permeability of μ_o,
with magnetic permeability given by Tables of Physical Constants as 4π x 10^-7 Henries per
metre and permittivity given as 8.854187817 x 10^-12 Farads/metre. It makes no sense at all to
say something does not exist and then find that it has to be accommodated in an enormously
elaborate disguise that intrudes in physics formulae in so complicated a fashion!

I shall now end this Introduction but I do wish to stress again that, much as I know many will
share my interest in fathoming the secrets of creation of the physical universe, I suspect that
there are many more who would hope to see something of greater importance emerge from
one’s efforts to decipher Nature’s mysteries. My hope is that by this effort we will see a
glimmer of a way in which to tap energy from the vast energy store of the aether itself and,
with that in mind, having introduced the reader to the news about the anomalous heat
condition of that whirlpool phenomenon in the Pacific, I invite the reader to read Appendix I
next, before embarking on the chapter-by-chapter study of what I have to offer by this work.

H. Aspden
15 August 2001