1981b

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, v. 31, pp. 383-384 (1981).

A THEORY OF NEUTRON LIFETIME

Commentary: This is the first of a series of papers by which the author shows the power of the theory in explaining particle lifetime. The lifetime of the mu-meson is important to those who advocate Einstein’s theory and in the 1980 book ‘Physics Unified’ (p. 146) the author had shown how this lifetime could be deduced from his aether theory. That led on in that text to the explanation of how the lifetime changed when the mu-meson was in motion, without involving the mysterious ‘time dilation’ philosophy.

By 1981 the author had advanced further to show how the same theory
could explain neutron lifetime. The problem was that the measured neutron lifetime then reported was about 3% higher than the value established later. Indeed, the author was uncertain in 1981 as to which combination of nucleon energies was involved at the decay
trigger threshold. This was clarified in the author’s main paper on the neutron [1986d] and it was gratifying to finding that the threshold condition was that of a proton-antiproton pair in the most
likely of the possible combinations.

1981a

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 4, pp. 314-316 (1981).

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD INDUCTION

Abstract: The origin of the Earth’s electric field is discussed and shown to be a consequence of the selective absorption of solar primary and secondary radiation by electrons in the
substance of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.

Commentary: This paper reiterates the viewpoint expressed by the author on this subject in his 1972 book ‘Modern Aether Science’.

1980e

This book comprises 206 pages. It is an account, updated to the year 1980, of Dr. Aspden’s theory which is the subject of these web pages. However, being in book form it offers the reader a style of presentation, including the formal mathematics involved, not easily presented by the Internet facility.

Its main thrust is to show how aether theory can provide the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism long sought by theoretical physicists.

As with the author’s previous books it was published at a time when there had been a major step forward in the development of the theory.
The 1980 landmark was the breakthrough in getting a paper [1980b] accepted for publication by the U.K. Institute of Physics, penetrating the resistance of their referee system, a paper which dared to say, indeed dared to show, that the Einstein formula for the anomalous perihelion advance of the planet Mercury could be derived by simple theory having classical foundation and not in any way being dependent upon the Einstein doctrine.

That features in pp. 17-22 of the book. Acceptance of that paper plus some others at that time was a stimulus for writing this new work.

The book overall is described on its back cover and the following is a summary:

Perhaps the greatest challenge in 20th century physics is that of discovering how electromagnetism and gravitation can be embraced by a unified theory compatible with Einstein’s formulae for the energy-mass relationship, mass increase with speed and the rate of advance of a planet’s perihelion. In this work Dr. Aspden shows how this unification emerges from a straightforward analysis of energy deployment in particle interaction, confirming the intuitive prediction of Oliver Heaviside (1893) as later endorsed by Leon Brillouin (1970). However, an essential further step in Dr. Aspden’s thesis is the recognition that energy considerations are more fundamental than field concepts. A law of electrodynamics is derived which was, in fact, first suggested empirically by Maxwell and then discarded in favour of one deducible from his field equations.

The unified theory based upon this new law of electrodynamics should have practical application since it can account for anomalies in the electron-ion energy transfer process currently observed in experiments relating to fusion power. Its appeal to the physicists will be the intriguing connection between the properties of elementary particles and the structured character of the vacuum medium, allowing exact theoretical evaluation of several fundamental physical constants.

In its broader sense the work constitutes a general unification by providing a new insight into the processes of creation of the solar system. The event of the sun’s creation is shown to result from the onset of the gravitational state as the vacuum became ordered, a phenomenon analogous with the onset of the ferromagnetic state as a ferromagnetic crystal cools below the Curie temperature.

Author’s note: July 15, 2002:

This book is still in print but only in its hardback version. Less than one hundred copies remain to be sold. Anyone interested is urged to order a copy now, before stocks are exhausted, either from a bookseller or directly from the publishers: Sabberton Publications. E-Mail address: sabberton@energyscience.co.uk. For order information see www.energyscience.co.uk/books.htm

A further note by the author:

The reference to Clerk Maxwell above needs a little qualification. He did consider alternative formulations of the law of electrodynamics, several being consistent with empirical evidence. One of those laws, presented in quarternian formulation, had the form needed to conform with what was required by a law of gravitation. All the laws depended upon the uncertain factor Q, which could not be determined in Maxwell’s time owing to lack of further experimental evidence, not forthcoming until the Trouton-Noble experiment was reported in 1903. Maxwell opted for that factor Q being +1, whereas the factor -1 would have been the correct factor. It depends upon whether one accepts that an out-of-balance couple or an out-of-balance force exists in a general two-charge interaction situation. Sadly, Lorentz in 1904 and then Einstein in 1905 got into the act and, literally, messed things up! My role therefore has been my stalwart and voluntary effort to clean up the mess, but, again sadly, the physics community would rather drift along without paying attention to what I say and without even looking back to see if they have gone adrift in their blind acceptance of Einstein’s doctrines.

Harold Aspden

1980d

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 3, pp. 114-116 (1980).

SPECULATIONS IN GENERAL, PLUS SOME OF MY OWN

Commentary: There is reference here to Millikan’s account of the foresight of Jeans in 1904 in suggesting that there could be mutual annihilation of an electron and its anti-particle as a basis for convertibility of mass and energy as needed to explain the enormous amount of sustained energy radiation from stars.

Then the discussion extends on Heaviside’s view that, before one could explain gravitation, one needs to study the seat of energy and how this same theme was pursued by Leon Brillouin in his book ‘Relativity Reexamined’.

This leads into the pre-Einstein research of Paul Gerber and this author’s own theme that anomalous electrodynamic ion acceleration tells us how the high translational speeds of the stars were established when they were created by the onset of gravitational action and the resulting gravitational coalescence of protons followed by the retarded inflow of electrons.

It is noted that this author’s theory of gravitation, based as it is upon the analogy of ferromagnetism appearing upon cooling through the Curie temperature, requires gravity to ‘switch on’, as it were, as the cosmic dust of the universe cooled down in a sequence of events at the time the universe was created. Big Bang theories assume that gravitation has always existed as a feature of what physicists regard as ‘curved space-time’ but they do not contemplate that it arises as a secondary event from the onset of order as the aether develops its crystal-like lattice structure. They prefer to picture their ‘space-time’ as a mathematical formalism devoid of step functions and quantum features but G, the constant of gravitation, is not seen as temperature-dependent, in spite of that clue that ferromagnetism has such a dependence.

1980c

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Energy Unlimited, v. 8, pp. 37-40 (1980).

UFOS AND THE COSMIC CONNECTION

Commentary: The author here indulges in a strong expression of opinion on the evidence of the energy which powers the thunderball phenomenon. The concept of a sphere of aether in a state of spin is seen as having a cosmic connection in that comets are such large scale manifestations. The energy density of the Tungusta event which devastated a large region in Siberia in June 1908 is compared with that of the thunderball and analysis presented to show the aether connection. Under the section heading ‘New Energy Source’, the author points to the new horizons in energy technology that open up if vast amounts of energy are stored in a spin state of the vacuum medium and controllably released after transferring the ‘object’ from its
generating source and through the housing of apparatus to its seat of application.

1980b

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published by the Institute of Physics (UK) in J. Phys. A.: Math. Gen., v. 13 pp. 3649-3655 (1980).

THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW AND ITS SPATIAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

Abstract: Using generalized mathematical considerations the inverse-square law of force is shown to imply specific spatial energy distribution relative to the interacting bodies. The retardation effects associated with energy redeployment when the bodies are in motion are examined. It is found that, as applied to the gravitational interaction between sun and planet and provided there is no discontinuity in the spatial energy distribution, retardation will give a law of motion conforming with Einstein’s law of gravitation. A necessary condition is that the energy in transit in the field system is ineffective in determining force for a retardation period equal to the time required for a photon to travel from one body to the field and then return from the field to the other body. The implication is that gravitation could be a quantum
interaction which assures causality and balance of action and reaction by this dual photon exchange interaction.

Commentary: This paper was, for the author, a breakthrough, in the sense that referees of a journal published by the U.K. Institute of Physics had yielded a little ground and allowed the publication of a paper that so clearly aimed to undermine Einstein’s theory.

The paper was strictly a mathematical exercise to establish where the mutual interaction energy between two interacting particles was deployed, given that the particles were subject to an inverse square law of force. Although the solution was indeterminate so far as full three-space energy distribution was concerned, the range distribution of energy from either charge was determinate as one of two alternatives. The Coulomb interaction fitted one case and the magnetic interaction fitted the other case. The latter option, as
applied to gravitation, was found to yield, on a retarded energy transfer basis, with a three-dimensional space metric, the identical equation to that which Einstein had derived from his complex four-space theory.

Even so, readers interested in this, will see that the eventual solution of the problem of the Neumann potential [1988a] was needed to justify why the retarded energy transfer was local to each particle and involved sequential action centred on the two
interacting particles, coupled with an instantaneous action-at-distance directly between the particle centres.

Reference is now made to a criticism raised by Allen D. Allen concerning the validity of the mathematical case presented in this U.K. Institute of Physics paper. His comments were directed at the counterpart text in the author’s book ‘Physics Unified’. The following quotation is drawn from this author’s paper [1983b] of these Web pages:

“The author has shown in ‘Physics Unified’ how Einstein’s General Relativity equation for the law of gravitation can be explained by energy propagation. The theory depends upon analysis of the spatial energy distribution corresponding to the inverse square law of force. Allen D. Allen, in his review, quotes an equation (27) from the book:

-r^-3[sum]c_n(n+2)(x/r)ⁿ=0

from which the author deduced that n was -2 and that the coefficients c_n, were zero for values of n not equal to -2. [Note that the expression ‘sum’ is used instead of a summation sign.]

Allen D. Allen pointed to the difficulty of justifying this conclusion.

The author therefore seeks here to amplify the argument. The above equation is derived from a general formulation subject to the condition that with x larger than r it holds for all x. The summation applies for all negative integer values of n. Imagine that there are N coefficients C_n that are not zero and bear in mind that x can have an infinite number of values. We may take N+k different values of x to formulate N+k equations, each with N unknowns. r is fixed. k can be as great as we like. In these circumstances the only solution is that for which each term in the summation is itself zero, as one readily sees by solving:

y+2z=0

3y+4z=0

5y+6z=0

Here we have three equations and two unknowns and both y and z must be zero. Then, given that each term in the summation is zero, one is led to the conclusion that n is -2 and that the coefficients c_n with n as -1, -3, -4, etc. are all zero.”

1980a

The following is a paper coauthored by D. M. Eagles and H. Aspden published in Acta Physica Polonica, A57, pp. 473-482 (1980).

THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH TWO MOVING CHARGES

Abstract: The interaction contribution to the magnetic-field energy associated with two moving charges q₁ and q₂ with velocities v₁ and v₂ separated by a spatial vector s is evaluated to order

by direct integration over all space. It is shown that the
contribution to the magnetic interaction energy from a spherical shell of radius r greater than s centred on one particle is equal to

while for a shell with r less than s the contribution is

After integration the negative of the usual expression

for the interaction contribution to the Hamiltonian for two moving charged particles is obtained. The change in the electric field
energy due to effects of retardation on electric fields does not contain any terms proportional
to (v₁v₂/c²), and so the convention sometimes adopted of calling

the magnetic interaction and attributing the remainder of the interaction, viz.

to retardation appears to be misleading.

Commentary: Dr. D. M. Eagles, co-author of this paper, and, in fact, fully authored the text and was exclusively responsible for the extensive mathematical analysis involved. This author’s contribution was to pose the problem and the initial formal derivation of the interaction energy applicable in the very simple case where the two interacting current elements are in collinear motion. The latter calculation was, in fact, presented in the author’s 1960 book ‘The Theory of Gravitation’. It was of interest because there are, supposedly no longitudinal forces acting along the common line of flow of two current elements, at least according to accepted theory based on the Lorentz formulation. Einstein began his writings on relativity by addressing electrodynamics, but, in declaring conformity with the Lorentz force law, he lost sight of the true forces that arise in electrodynamic actions under certain special circumstances. The actions which are involved in gravitational forces are of that special kind!

The paper is important in providing the basis for arguing that the conventional concept of a magnetic field leads to absurdities in that, for action between two discrete charges in motion, the field energy deployment at distances remote from the source charge must change drastically when a charge alters course slightly.

Readers must understand that the notion of the magnetic field is artificial and is founded only upon empirical data deriving from the study of electron current interactions where at least one of the interacting currents is non-segmented and flows around a complete circuit loop.

Energy science as it becomes more developed will have to overcome the error of this traditional magnetic field assumption and avoid using the concept when developing technology in which non-electron currents are a primary feature or where there is non-circuital electron flow. This is an absolutely fundamental requirement and is at the very heart of the problem which caused Einstein to be sidetracked down a blind alley when trying to forge the unification of magnetic and gravitational theory.

1979c

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, v. 26, pp. 257-260 (1979).

ENERGY CORRELATION OF RADIATIVE DECAYS OF ψ(3684)

This paper shows how the author’s derivation of the proton-electron mass ratio, the subject of paper 1975a leads directly to the psi particle of 3,684 MeV and its decay products. It is best read in its full non-abstracted form as a PDF file 1979c

1979b

The following is a U.K. Patent Application by Harold Aspden filed on August 18, 1977 with a publication date of February 29, 1979

U.K. PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,002,953

‘ION ACCELERATORS AND ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESSES’

Abstract: Ions are accelerated by subjecting them to the electrodynamic effects of a driving circuit comprising a separate closed circuital current which in one circuit segment comprises an electron flow in a conductor and in another segment comprises at least partially a flow of ions. The invention applies a general law of electrodynamics published in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1969 at page 179 of volume 287 ([1969a] in these Web page abstracts), which concerned anomalous cathode forces attributed to the action of electrons upon ions carrying current in the same closed circuit. The invention also has application to energy transfer processes dependent upon th catalytic action of high energy ions. Various apparatus is disclosed. In Fig. 11, for example, the driving circuits 55,56 comprise cold cathode gas discharge systems excited by high voltage pulse generators 57,58 and they accelerate ions from sources 61,62 towards the centre of housing 54. Cooling jacket 69 extracts heat from the housing and supplies it to power generator 70. In another arrangement two adjacent oppositely directed ion beams serve as the driving circuit for each other.

1979a

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 25, pp. 456-458 (1979).

THE SPATIAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION FOR COULOMB INTERACTION

Abstract: It is shown that the electric interaction between two charges involves a mutual field energy which, as viewed from either charge, has a field energy distribution that sums to zero over a range equal to the charge separation distance, beyond which it diminishes progressively from a maximum value as the inverse square of distance.

Commentary: Although the author had, long before 1979, established the connection between the law of gravitation and the law of electrodynamics, there remained the elusive mystery of deriving the Neumann potential by a causal argument which did not rely on empirical data. The Neumann potential is an expression for the primary energy action underlying the law of electrodynamics. Somehow energy distributed in a field system set up by two interacting electric charges can find a way of setting up a dynamic potential when the charges are in motion. This means that the energy in the field is being redeployed. It is a start to our understanding of the nature of the action if we know where that energy might be in that field.

The subject paper is one of a series of three devoted to the Coulomb interaction, the electrodynamic interaction [1980a] and the
gravitational interaction [1980a], respectively. The Neumann potential proved elusive for several years, but, finally, it did succumb to the author’s investigations [1988a, 1995a]. It plays a key role in unifying the force of gravity with electrodynamic law, as is evident from the discussion of ‘time dilation’ in reference [1996a].