1978d

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Intercom, pp. 21-22 (December 12, 1978).

A PERSPECTIVE ON A NEW ENIGMA

Commentary: ‘Intercom’, the U.K. Home Office Journal edited by the Directorate of Telecommunications, Home Office, published the above article immediately following one entitled the ‘Radioquake Mystery’. Its author Richard Hill had suggested that this author
should write an accompanying article explaining the scientific basis for the anomaly observed.

The subject is that reported later in these Web pages by the commentary on ‘Earthquake-related EM Disturbances’ reference [1987d]. That later paper was published by the Royal Astronomical Society. See also [1987k].

1978c

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 1, pp. 281-288 (1978).

CRYSTAL SYMMETRY AND FERROMAGNETISM

Abstract: An empirical energy analysis of the nature of ferromagnetism suggests an accompanying high degree of elastic strain, which, however, is incompatible with the observed degree of crystal symmetry and magnetostriction. This is explored on the
assumption that magnetic polarization occurs equally along all axes of symmetry in a ferromagnetic crystal. Equal time sharing of this state between these axes is proposed. As evidence supporting this hypothesis, it is found that it explains the apparent non-quantum
moments of the atoms of iron, nickel and cobalt.

The argument involves a new theoretical concept of what is termed a half-field reaction effect. For example, the effective Bohr magneton quantization of atoms in iron becomes one third times the true quantization Q (that is gQ/3), offset by a half of one third of
the polarization gQ/3, to give 5gQ/18, which, for a gyromagnetic factor g of 2, gives 2.222 Bohr magnetons with Q = 4.00. The experimental value is 2.221.

Commentary: This paper concerns a theme that is the very heart, and was the starting point, of the author’s theory. The author’s Ph.D. thesis based on his 1950-53 research at Cambridge concerned the loss properties of ferromagnets under mechanical stress. The author evolved a theory which was later to be extended as a model of action in the vacuum medium, but it relied upon orbital electron motion and went against the Dirac ‘spin’ theory of the electron g-factor. The 1969 book ‘Physics without Einstein’ presents the ferromagnetic theory in chapter 3 and the g-factor theory in chapter 2. However, the material in the subject paper was not included.

The paper mentions the work of Oxley who had stressed the fact that latent heat properties reveal the presence of enormous internal stresses in a ferromagnet which are relieved once the substance becomes paramagnetic, stresses that are not just those associated with unequal crystal strain. This means that we have to accept that the magnetic internal strains in a ferromagnet are isotropic.

The author’s theory follows that theme and explains the electron g-factor as an orbital electron phenomenon. In its turn this meant that the aether itself had to exist as a real medium exhibiting diamagnetic half-field reaction properties. The above paper
developed that idea and confirmed it by making the quantum link with Bohr magneton units. The 3d electrons in iron have a level 2 quantized orbital action. There are two electrons contributing to the ferromagnetic state. Hence Q = 4.00. The g-factor doubling and the time-sharing between three axes, with the reaction field offset gives the 2.222 theoretical maximum quantization, which compares with the measured 2.221 saturation value.

This author sees this as clear evidence in support of his theory. The subject paper was presented as a lecture at a meeting of the Magnetics Group of the German Physical Society held in Salzburg on March 29, 1971. Though abstracted in the printed program of papers, the paper was not adopted for inclusion in the published proceedings of the conference. It is an extremely important paper, which experts on magnetism chose to ignore, presumably because it went against their doctrinaire belief in the Dirac ‘half-spin’ model of ferromagnetism.

The above, duly edited, version of this paper, which the author, was able to offer to the then-newly-founded periodical Speculations in Science and Technology in 1978 was published some 7 years after it was first written. It describes the physical action that is
the very doorway for the passage of energy between the hidden quantum energy sea and atomic matter. Put in simple language, there can be no magnetic ‘grip’ between a tiny electric point-like charge ‘spinning’ in a QED background and the Heisenberg jitter of the
energy sea in space. The ‘handle’ for that ‘grip’ is the orderly orbital motion of electrons in the atoms of the ferromagnet.

By adhering to the accepted spin theories of ferromagnetism, physicists have turned their backs on magnetic regeneration technology as a ‘free energy’ source.

The subject paper should not have been ignored!

1978b

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 1, pp. 59-63 (1978).

ENERGY CORRELATION FORMULA APPLIED TO PSI PARTICLES

Abstract: The 2.587 Gev graviton of a unified field theory presented in 1966 is here shown to control the existence of two energy quanta of 3.095 Gev and 3.683 Gev, identifiable as the
psi particles. the energy correlation formula by which the proton-electron mass ratio was deduced in 1975 provides the necessary link.

Commentary: The author had, in his 1966 book ‘The Theory of Gravitation’, reported the discovery that the mediating quantum involved in the gravitational force depended upon a 2.587 Gev particle. This had nearly three times the mass of the proton. The quite remarkable discovery of the psi particles aroused the author’s interest, in wondering whether the energy correlation formula, used to explain how the proton is created from muons, could have extended application to the origin of the psi particles.

This paper shows how the author’s theory so easily provides that link and this advance gave very firm foundation for the onward development of the theory into the broader spectrum of fundamental particle physics. This work was later reported in the series
of papers listed later as published in the Hadronic Journal.

There are three sections of this paper which are particularly important in a more general sense. One section is headed ‘Charge Pair Interaction’, an other ‘Charge Interaction Stability’, and the third ‘Pair Creation Stability’. The essence of fundamental particle creation as charges pair up and absorb energy to create families of particles, as offspring, is embraced by the very simple physical concepts applied in the theoretical analysis. Conservation principles, concerned with both energy and space feature in this activity.

It may be noted that this paper was published in the first volume of a new periodical. The author had been invited to be a founder member of its editorial board. Initially that journal was edited and published from a university in Australia.

1978a

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Catastrophist Geology, v. 3/2, pp. 1-2 (1978).

G FLUCTUATIONS AND PLANETARY ORBITS

Commentary: This was a response to comment by E. W. Crew on the author’s earlier paper [1977c]. That earlier paper had discussed the author’s space domain theory and the consequences of boundary crossings upsetting gravitation at intervals between periods of
geological time, the latter having been first introduced in the author’s 1972 book ‘Modern Aether Science’. Crew stated that the author had not considered the effects on planetary orbits.

By this response the author calculated the effect on the eccentricity of a planetary orbit that could be expected from a single domain crossing. It was shown that the author’s prediction of catastrophic effects owing to G fluctuations at times of a space domain crossing was in no way disproved by the existing data for the elliptical orbits of the planets.

1977e

The following is a paper by H. Aspden (using an alias name J. N. Kidman) published in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, v. 18, pp. 181-182 (1977).

QUANTUM GRAVITATION AND THE PERIHELION ANOMALY

This paper shows a way of deriving the theoretical formula for the anomalous perihelion motion of a planet, exactly the same as that developed from Einstein’s four-space theory, but based on an extremely simple proposition founded in classical physics. The paper is a mere two pages in length and should be read in its full non-abstracted form as a PDF file 1977e

The reason why this paper was authored by an alias is that I wondered whether my many submissions of papers for publication, inevitably followed by referee rejection, had classified me as someone whose ideas were not to be encouraged. I wanted to test the water, as it were, by writing from a different personal (not business and non-academic) address and using a different name. This paper was promptly accepted and so I drew the conclusion that at least it was not the use of my home address that was obstructing acceptance, though my experience later, as well in my early university days, was that an address that implied a scientific environment was, indeed, as important as the merit of the paper itself.

1977d

The following abstract is that of a paper by H. Aspden distributed by the author as a hand-out to accompany a Lecture on the subject held in the Physics Department of the University in Cardiff in Wales in 1977.

SPACE, ENERGY AND CREATION

Abstract: This lecture presents some new scientific evidence which may help our understanding of the creation of the solar system. It suggests an experimental approach for exploring the phenomenon involved. It results from theoretical enquiry into the structure of the vacuum medium, a pursuit which is somewhat controversial. It is hoped, however, that the evidence presented will speak for itself and encourage those with the resources to undertake the necessary experimental research.

To see the full text of this paper in PDF format press [1997d]

1977c

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in Catastrophist Geology, v. 2/2, pp. 42-47 (1977).

GALACTIC DOMAINS, G FLUCTUATIONS AND GEOMAGNETIC REVERSALS

Abstract: The degree of constancy of the universal constant of gravitation G is discussed. The hypothesis is presented that a constant G is subjected to occasional short-duration fluctuations at times of reversal of the geomagnetic field. Evidence suggests a correlation between field reversals and deformations of the Earth’s crust, and the hypothesis is further supported by the one to four frequency correlation between the Galactic cycle and related
sedimentation sequences.

Commentary: This paper is very important to those who are interested in how cosmology evolves in a way which promotes change of the fundamental constants. Dirac argued that G changes over cosmic time, whereas analysis in 1975 by Landsberg and Bishop required that e, h, c and H/G are time invariant. This author’s theory requires all these constants and both G and Hubble’s constant H to retain their individual constancy. However, as this paper shows at length, after discussing these opinions on the constants, there is reason to believe that G experiences transient upsets at regular intervals in the evolution cycle. This is something that can be predicted from the author’s aether theory as being the sequence of events corresponding to the Earth’s traversal of the domain boundaries separating regions of ‘space’ and ‘antispace’, meaning aether with the polarities of virtual lattice particles and background continuum reversed.

The paper should also interest those having a morbid outlook who might see in the author’s theory the prophesy of doom. Some charted data are provided from which readers might extrapolate to estimate when such an event is to be expected, but this author
wishes to assure the less morbid that he sees enough of a future ahead to make it worthwhile to resolve our energy problems and develop the ‘free energy’ source. If that day of doom is to come, it means that there is an ‘aether’ through which we journey at our peril and, if there is an ‘aether’ then at least we have the prospect of
enjoying the nourishment of the ‘aether’ energy source before the next catastrophic event overtakes us!

The key question is whether there was what the author terms the ‘Stockholm reversal’, some 12,400 years ago, an event which might have shifted the positions of those heavenly bodies which Plato mentions and which may have some connection with the story of Atlantis. If there was such an event then the data indicate that we have the prospect of a peaceful future for more than 100,000 years.

It will be seen, therefore, that ‘aether’ theory offers some excitement to compete with Einstein’s suggestion that by moving at different speeds we can age at different rates!

1977b

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in International Journal of Theoretical Physics, v. 16, pp. 401-404 (1977).

A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF THE ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC MOMENT OF THE ELECTRON

Abstract: A heuristic model for deriving the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron is presented. A term α/2π-0.327(α/π)² is deduced, in better agreement with experiment than is the QED derivation of α/2π-0.328(α/π)². The result is strengthened by the recent non-QED account of the Lamb shift by Yu and Sachs.

Commentary: Note that α is the fine structure constant, a dimensionless quantity having a numerical value slightly smaller than 1/137. In cgs units, where the dielectric constant of the vacuum is unity, α^-1 is the formulation 2πe²/hc, where e is the charge of the electron in esu, c is the speed of light and h is Planck’s constant. These three physical components are the properties which characterize the aether. To explain the physical basis which determines Planck’s constant and its dimensionless embodiment in the fine structure constant, α, one must decipher the structure of the aether.

Apart from being confronted with Einstein’s theory, the author had found that his efforts to interest scientists in a lattice-structured aether, which had the merit of allowing the theoretical derivation of the precise values of the most important of the fundamental physical constants, were scorned for other reasons. It was made very clear by referees that, where theoretical precision evaluation of basic dimensionless constants were concerned, the only way forward was by the use of QED. Quantum electrodynamics had given account of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift. Why these second-order effects should preclude the author from developing an independent first-order theory for the proton-electron mass
ratio or the fine structure constant really was beyond comprehension. Accordingly, the author was motivated to probe the domain of QED just as he had felt obliged to develop a defence on the Einstein front. However, one finds that, whereas the general theory of relativity and the derivation of its key results is the subject of a single chapter in an advanced physics textbook, QED is not so accommodating.

Very few physicists reading this text will know how to calculate the higher-order terms involved in QED calculations. Whereas QED introduces a concept of renormalization to avoid infinities and point charges, this author begins with a finite spherical charge form and introduces a field cut-off boundary at a distance determined by a standing wave system. In this way, the author believes that he has discovered a classical approximation to the statistical field activity involved in QED. It is simple and sufficiently ‘approximate’ to provide in a few pages of analysis a result at least as good as any that have a fully detailed worked solution presented in print, whether in books or scientific papers. Indeed, you will have very great difficulty if you try to find any publication containing a truly comprehensive analysis that you can verify yourself in working through the document. Invariably, with QED, apart from the very approximate preliminary terms one finds a recital of numerous Feynman diagrams which one has to take on trust as having the solutions as listed.

The author does not seek to have his theory replace QED, but he does challenge those who understand QED to find a way of deriving the fine structure constant and the proton-electron mass ratio. He is convinced that these two quantities are so basic that they cannot depend upon the spurious auxiliary statistical activity of a lepton field. They are fixed by structural constraints, even though they exist in such a field background. This statement is backed by evidence of their derivation given in the papers already referenced [1972a] and [1975a]. Accordingly, the author confronts those who understand QED with the fact that the aether based theory has already provided us with sufficiently perfect derivations of these dimensionless quantities, backed by comprehensive qualitative reasoning. He well knows that much as they may extend QED techniques and philosophy into the higher domain of QCD, quantum chromodynamics, they are hopelessly lost in a maze of computation.

The paper [1975a], abstracted in these Web pages, presented the aether theory evaluation of the proton-electron mass ratio and this author’s company location, as stated on that paper was that of an IBM laboratory. It is appropriate, with this IBM connection, therefore, to refer to the rival 1985 IEEE Computer Society paper by Beetem, Denneau and Weingarten, of the IBM Watson Research Center, on the ‘GF11 Supercomputer’. Quoting from that paper:

“GF11 is a parallel computer conceived primarily for the numerical solution of problems in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a proposed theory of the class of particles which participate in nuclear interactions. A typical calculation in QCD, for example an evaluation of the masses of the proton, neutron and a few related particles, is estimated to require as many as 3×10¹⁷ arithmetic operations. With a 100 MFLOP machine (such as Cray 1) this calculation would take 100 years. By a parallel application of its 576 processors, GF11 is capable of 11.5 GFLOPS peak and about 10 GFLOPS sustained performance for QCD. The mass calculation can be completed in about 1 year.”

This author has not heard that the IBM GF11 computer mentioned in this 1985 paper has completed its duty cycle and found the expected answer, nor whether the precision of the overall calculation has come within sight of overtaking the precision reached in 1975 by the author’s aether theory. However, the author does know that those who research QCD theory are hostile to the very simple methods adopted with success by this author and suspects that that hostility is not founded in a spirit of true science, but has other motivation.

1977a

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, PS-5, pp. 159-163 (1977).

ELECTRODYNAMIC ANOMALIES IN ARC DISCHARGE PHENOMENA

Abstract: The assumption that two electric particles are insufficient by their mutual action to develop a torque makes the Lorentz law a special case of a more general law of electrodynamics, of importance when electrodynamic closed circuit interactions involve charge carriers of different mass. Experimental anomalies evident in the mutual electrodynamic behaviour of ions and electrons are reviewed. It is argued that there is now sufficient evidence for this more general law of electrodynamics to be given attention by the electrical engineer interested in plasma and discharge phenomena.

1976b

The following is a paper by H. Aspden published in International Journal of Theoretical Physics, v. 15, pp. 631-633 (1976).

INERTIA OF A NON-RADIATING PARTICLE

Abstract: A solution of the Abraham-Lorentz equation of motion for a radiating particle is found to have non-runaway form if its mass components are subject to non-uniform acceleration. By supposing that the energy radiated is absorbed by the particle’s own field, inertia is found as a resulting property and the relation E = Mc² follows as a consequence.

Commentary: The author had, many years previously, justified the basis for inertia as being the self-preservation property of electric charge in refusing to radiate energy owing to the influence of an external electric field. Explaining the nature of inertia has been a long-standing challenge confronting the physicist and there have been some rather way-out ideas, such as the Mach Principle. The latter implies that the whole universe is involved in determining the inertial reaction of each and every minute particle of matter. Yet, in fact, the action if merely an energy conserving response of a charged particle when subjected to an external electric field. To assure that energy is not radiated the accelerated particle has to exhibit a mass property related to the energy that it does possess. The equation relating energy and mass is a consequence of this circumstance and not the consequence of Einstein’s deliberations! This paper merely underlines the author’s point on this subject, but it offers nothing new over what the author had proposed earlier [1958a]. The case is dealt with fully in the 1969 text of ‘Physics without Einstein’ and in still more detail in the 1980 work ‘Physics Unified’. The subject paper had, however, no impact on the scientific community which had already abandoned all thought of explaining the energy-mass relationship by anything other than subservience to Einstein’s philosophy.